Science and Technology
The 1970s saw an explosion in the understanding of solid-state physics, driven by the development of the electronic devices, and the laser. Stephen Hawking developed his explanations of black holes and the boundary-condition of the universe at this period with his explanation (of why something works or happens the way it does) called Selling radiation. The biological sciences greatly advanced, with molecular biology, bacteriology, virology, and genetics (completing things/reaching goals) their modern forms in this ten years. (lots of different living things all existing together) became a cause of major concern as (home/place where something lives) destruction, and Stephen Jay Gould's explanation of interrupted/emphasized steadiness/balance revolutionized evolutionary thought.
Space exploring things Traveler spacecraft and space (events where things are explored) Apollo 14 lands on the moon, 5 February 1971 Apollo 17 Space traveler Gene Cernan becomes the last man on the moon, December 13, 1972 An artist impression of an American Apollo spacecraft and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft docking, a (talk or information that tries to change people's minds) portrait for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission America's first space station Skylab in orbit February 8, 1974 As the 1960s ended, the United States had made two successful staffed Moon-related landings. Many Americans lost interest afterward, feeling that since the country had completed President John F. Kennedy's goal of landing on the moon by the end of the 1960s, there was no need for further missions. There was also a growing feeling that the billions of dollars spent on the space program should be put to other uses. The moon landings continued through 1972, but the near loss of the Apollo 13 space travelers in April 1970 served to further anti-NASA feelings. Plans for missions up to Apollo 20 were canceled, and the remaining Apollo and Saturn hardware was used for the Skylab space station program in 1973-1974, and for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), which was carried out in July 1975. Many of the high-reaching projects NASA had planned for the 1970s were canceled in the middle of heavy budget cutbacks, and instead it would devote most of the ten years to the development of the space shuttle. ASTP was the last staffed American space flight for the next five years. The year 1979 saw the amazing reentry of Skylab over Australia. NASA had planned for a shuttle mission to the space station, but the shuttles were not ready to fly until 1981, too late to save it.
Meanwhile, the Soviets, having failed completely in their attempt at staffed Moon-related landings, canceled the program in 1972. But by then, they had already started flying space stations. This would have problems of its own, especially the sad loss of the Soyuz 11 crew in July 1971 and the near-loss of the Soyuz 18a crew during launch in April 1975. It eventually proved a success, with missions as long as six months being conducted by the end of the ten years.
In terms of unmanned missions, a variety of Moon-related and planetary probes were launched by the US and Soviet programs during the ten years. The greatest success was that of the Travelers, which took advantage of a rare matching up in a straight line of the outer planets to visit all of them except Pluto by the end of the 1980s.
China entered the space race in 1970 with the launching of its first satellite, but technological backwardness and limited money would prevent the country from becoming a significant force in space exploring things. Japan launched a satellite for the first time in 1972. The European Space Agency was founded during the ten years as well.
Biology This section requires expansion. (January 2010)
Social science Social science connected with hard science in the works in natural language processing by Terry Winograd (1973) and the establishment of the first thinking-related sciences department in the world at MIT in 1979. The fields of generative language-baseds and thinking-related (the study of thinking and behavior) went through a renewed energy with symbolic modeling of (related to the meaning of words) knowledge while the final destruction of the long standing tradition of behaviorism came about through the bad/harsh criticism of B. F. Skinner's work in 1971 by the thinking-related scientist Noam Chomsky.
Space exploring things Traveler spacecraft and space (events where things are explored) Apollo 14 lands on the moon, 5 February 1971 Apollo 17 Space traveler Gene Cernan becomes the last man on the moon, December 13, 1972 An artist impression of an American Apollo spacecraft and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft docking, a (talk or information that tries to change people's minds) portrait for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission America's first space station Skylab in orbit February 8, 1974 As the 1960s ended, the United States had made two successful staffed Moon-related landings. Many Americans lost interest afterward, feeling that since the country had completed President John F. Kennedy's goal of landing on the moon by the end of the 1960s, there was no need for further missions. There was also a growing feeling that the billions of dollars spent on the space program should be put to other uses. The moon landings continued through 1972, but the near loss of the Apollo 13 space travelers in April 1970 served to further anti-NASA feelings. Plans for missions up to Apollo 20 were canceled, and the remaining Apollo and Saturn hardware was used for the Skylab space station program in 1973-1974, and for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), which was carried out in July 1975. Many of the high-reaching projects NASA had planned for the 1970s were canceled in the middle of heavy budget cutbacks, and instead it would devote most of the ten years to the development of the space shuttle. ASTP was the last staffed American space flight for the next five years. The year 1979 saw the amazing reentry of Skylab over Australia. NASA had planned for a shuttle mission to the space station, but the shuttles were not ready to fly until 1981, too late to save it.
Meanwhile, the Soviets, having failed completely in their attempt at staffed Moon-related landings, canceled the program in 1972. But by then, they had already started flying space stations. This would have problems of its own, especially the sad loss of the Soyuz 11 crew in July 1971 and the near-loss of the Soyuz 18a crew during launch in April 1975. It eventually proved a success, with missions as long as six months being conducted by the end of the ten years.
In terms of unmanned missions, a variety of Moon-related and planetary probes were launched by the US and Soviet programs during the ten years. The greatest success was that of the Travelers, which took advantage of a rare matching up in a straight line of the outer planets to visit all of them except Pluto by the end of the 1980s.
China entered the space race in 1970 with the launching of its first satellite, but technological backwardness and limited money would prevent the country from becoming a significant force in space exploring things. Japan launched a satellite for the first time in 1972. The European Space Agency was founded during the ten years as well.
Biology This section requires expansion. (January 2010)
- The first face lifts were attempted in the 1970s.
- The first MRI image was published in 1973.
- Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler report their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal disease-fighters, effectively beginning the history of monoclonal disease-fighter use in science
- Carl Troublese and George E. Fox classify archaea as a new, separate domain of life.
- After successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the WHO certified the destruction/permanent removal of smallpox in December 1979.
- The first organisms scientifically-made were bacteria in 1973 and then mice in 1974.
- 1977 The first complete DNA genome to be (put in correct order) is that of bacteriophage φX174.
- In 1978, Louise Brown became the first child to be born via in vitro fertilisation, or IVF.
Social science Social science connected with hard science in the works in natural language processing by Terry Winograd (1973) and the establishment of the first thinking-related sciences department in the world at MIT in 1979. The fields of generative language-baseds and thinking-related (the study of thinking and behavior) went through a renewed energy with symbolic modeling of (related to the meaning of words) knowledge while the final destruction of the long standing tradition of behaviorism came about through the bad/harsh criticism of B. F. Skinner's work in 1971 by the thinking-related scientist Noam Chomsky.